Table of Contents

Sauyawa da 'yan wasa wata hanya ce ta asali a cikin wasannin ƙungiya, yana ba da saukin kai don daidaitawa na dabara, kula da rauni, da kuma hutawa na ɗan wasa. Ya fi nisa da kawai tsarin gudanarwa, ƙa'idodin da ke kula da maye gurbin suna da zurfin haɗe a cikin tsarin dabarun wasa. Suna tsara saurin wasa, suna tasiri ga yanke shawara na kocin, kuma suna iya canza motsi sosai. Ko manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke yin maye gurbin sau uku don bin buri ko kuma kocin kwando yana kwance benci yayin fashewa, fahimtar waɗannan ƙa'idodin yana haɓaka ƙwarewar 'yan wasa, masu horarwa, da masu kallo. Wannan jagorar mai zurfi tana lalata layin gama gari da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin wasanni, yana tabbatar da kun fahimci harafin da ruhun waɗannan ƙa'idodin.

Ka'idojin Gabaɗaya na Gyara

Duk da yake kowane wasa yana tsara tsarin maye gurbinsa, ka'idoji da yawa na duniya suna tallafawa aikin.

Lokacin da Aka Yarda da Sauyawa

Yawancin wasanni suna iyakance maye gurbin zuwa dakatarwar da aka riga aka ƙaddara a wasan.

  • Yanayin kwallon da ya mutu (misali, bayan kwallo, laifi, wasan da ba a iyakance ba).
  • Lokaci tsakanin lokutan (ƙauyuka, rabi, ko innings).
  • Ƙarshen lokaci kamar lokacin hutu ko kuma dakatar da rauni.
  • A wasu wasanni, maye gurbin zai iya faruwa "a kan tashi" yayin wasa mai aiki, koyaushe yana ƙarƙashin takamaiman wuraren shiga da fita.

Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ

Kowane gasar ya ƙayyade yawan adadin maye gurbin da ƙungiyar za ta iya amfani da shi yayin wasan. Waɗannan iyakoki sun fara daga ƙarancin (misali, 35 a ƙwallon ƙafa) zuwa gaba ɗaya ba tare da iyakancewa ba (kamar a kwando ko hockey kankara).

Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin

Matsayi na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi matakai uku: sanarwar, fita, da shiga. Mai kunnawa ko ƙungiyar dole ne su sanar da jami'in wasan (ƙararren ko mai zira kwallo) game da canjin da aka yi niyya. Yawanci, mai kunnawa da ke barin filin dole ne ya ƙetare iyakar gaba ɗaya kafin mai maye gurbin ya iya shiga. Rashin bin wannan jerin zai iya haifar da hukunci, gami da katunan rawaya ko kuskuren fasaha.

Dokokin maye gurbin ta manyan wasanni

A dukan wasanni, dokokin maye gurbin suna bambanta sosai. A ƙasa akwai cikakken bayani game da dokokin wasanni da suka fi kowa shahara a duniya.

Kwallon kafa (kwallon kafa)

Dokokin maye gurbin kwallon kafa suna cikin mafi tsauraran ƙa'idodi. Tarihi, sau biyu ne kawai aka ba da izinin maye gurbin; gasar zamani yanzu tana ba da izinin har zuwa biyar (canji da aka ɗauka yayin annobar COVID-19 kuma an kiyaye shi gaba ɗaya).

  • Lura: ]Lura: ] Dole ne a gano mai maye gurbin ga jami'in na huɗu ta hanyar allon maye gurbin da ke nuna lambobin 'yan wasan da ke farawa da ci gaba.
  • Shigo / Fitowa: Za a iya maye gurbin ne kawai yayin tsayawa. Mai kunnawa da ke barin dole ne ya fita a mafi kusa a kan layin lamba ko layin burin; mai maye gurbin ya shiga layin rabin hanya sai dai in ba haka ba.
  • Ƙarƙashin: Yawancin wasannin suna ba da izinin dakatar da sau uku don maye gurbin (ban da rabin lokaci). Idan ka yi maye gurbin biyu a lokaci guda, wannan yana ƙidaya a matsayin tsayawa ɗaya.
  • 'Yan wasan da ke dawowa: Bayan an maye gurbin ɗan wasa, ba zai iya komawa filin wasa ba (sai dai a wasannin da aka maye gurbin ɗan lokaci don yarjejeniyar jijiya).

Kwallon kwando (NBA & FIBA)

Kwallon kwando yana ba da kusan iyakacin sassauci:

  • Unlimited Substitutions: Ƙungiyoyi na iya yin maye gurbin a kowane yanayin ƙwallon ƙafa, bayan kwallo (ga ƙungiyar da ta zira kwallaye, tare da wasu ƙuntatawa), a lokacin lokaci, da kuma a ƙarshen lokutan.
  • Tsarin: Mai kunnawa dole ne ya ba da rahoto ga teburin mai zira kwallo kuma ya jira siginar jami'in. Sauyawa bazai jinkirta wasan ba; idan ƙungiyar ba ta shirya don shiga ba, suna fuskantar haɗarin faɗakarwa game da jinkirin wasa.
  • Dole ne a maye gurbin ɗan wasan da ya yi kuskure (5 kuskure a WNBA / na duniya, 6 a NBA). Ƙungiyoyi na iya amfani da maye gurbin ɗan wasan da ya ji rauni ko zubar da jini.
  • A cikin NBA, ana ba da izinin maye gurbin kafin ƙoƙarin jefa kyauta kawai idan ƙungiyar mai karewa ta yi canji, ko bayan jefa kyauta.

Kwallon kafa na Amurka

Tsarin maye gurbin a kwallon kafa na Amurka yana da matukar saurin gudu:

  • 'Yan wasa na iya canzawa cikin 'yanci tsakanin saukarwa, muddin ƙungiyar ba ta wuce' yan wasa 11 a filin ba. Wannan yana haifar da rukunin ƙwararrun masu laifi / tsaro.
  • Aikin doka da na doka: Idan mai maye gurbin ya shiga filin amma mai kunnawa da ake maye gurbinsa bai bar ba, ana iya azabtar da ƙungiyar saboda maye gurbin doka ba (5 yad). Ball kuma zai iya zama matattu idan 'yan wasa da yawa suna filin a lokacin da aka yi.
  • Lokaci: [1] Abubuwan maye gurbin suna da yawa a lokacin lokaci, bayan ci, da tsakanin kwata-kwana. Dole ne laifi ya ba da lokaci ga tsaron don daidaita maye gurbin idan canji ya faru; in ba haka ba, za a iya azabtar da laifi don dabarun "saurin bugun jini".

Rugby (Union & League)

Dokokin maye gurbin wasan kwallon kafa na daidaita tsaro da dabarun:

  • 'Yan wasan da aka maye gurbin za su iya komawa don wani dan wasa (sai dai idan an maye gurbinsa saboda jini ko jijiyar kwakwalwa).
  • ]Kusancin layi na gaba: [FLT: 1]] Dokokin Scrum suna buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman da karuwai; ƙungiyar da ba za ta iya yin layi na gaba ba saboda rashin wadatar ko ana iya tilasta katin yin wasa da Scrum ba tare da takaddama ba.
  • Jinin jini da bugun jini: Dole ne a maye gurbin ɗan wasa tare da jini na ɗan lokaci (har zuwa mintuna 15 don bin jini). Masu maye gurbin jini na dindindin ne a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Rugby ta Duniya sai dai idan likita mai zaman kansa ya ba da izinin komawa wasan.
  • A kan Fly: Yawancin maye gurbin suna faruwa a lokacin dakatarwa, amma ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta ba da izinin maye gurbin "rolling" a lokacin buɗewa idan an sanar da alkalin.

Ƙarƙashin ƙwanƙwasa (NHL & IIHF)

Hockey yana da saurin maye gurbin, ci gaba:

  • Canje-canje na layi: (FLT: 1) Sauyawa suna faruwa "a kan tashi" yayin wasa. 'Yan wasa suna tafiya daga kankara a benci yayin da maye gurbin su ke tafiya lokaci guda. Dole ne canjin ya faru a cikin yankin benci da aka tsara.
  • Bayan tsayawa, ƙungiyar gida ta fara maye gurbin ta, sannan ƙungiyar da ke ziyartar.
  • Mai tsaron raga: Mai tsaron raga na iya janyewa don ƙarin mai kai hari a kowane lokaci, yawanci a cikin minti na ƙarshe na wasa. Idan ƙungiyar ta yi sanyi a kan kwalliya yayin da aka cire mai tsaron raga, fuskar ta koma yankin kariya.

Kwallon Baseball da Kwallon Softball

Sauyawa a wasan baseball suna da dindindin sai dai idan an yi amfani da ka'idojin sake shiga (ya zama ruwan dare a matasa / kwaleji):

  • Mai maye gurbin: Duk wani dan wasa zai iya maye gurbin wani, amma suna ɗaukar wuri ɗaya a cikin tsarin bugun. Mai maye gurbin ba zai iya dawowa a yawancin ƙa'idodin ƙwararru ba (sai dai a wasu ƙungiyoyin masu son sha'awa).
  • Pinch Hitter/Runner: Ƙungiya na iya aika mai maye gurbin mai bugun jini (pinch hitter) ko mai gudu na tushe (pinch runner). Bayan wannan a-bat ko gudu, mai maye gurbin na iya kasancewa a wasan ko kuma a sake maye gurbinsa.
  • A cikin National League (kafin Universal DH), 'yan wasa ba sa yin wasa da yawa saboda farashin maye gurbin.

Ƙarƙashin ƙaya

Cricket yana da dokoki na musamman na maye gurbin da aka iyakance ga filin wasa:

  • Mai maye gurbin filin wasa: Mai maye gurbin filin wasa na iya maye gurbin wani dan wasa da ya ji rauni ko mara lafiya, amma mai maye gurbin ba zai iya yin wasa ba, kwallo, ko yin aiki a matsayin mai riƙe da wicket.
  • An gabatar da shi a cikin 2019, mai maye gurbin jijiyar kwakwalwa kamar juna na iya amincewa da alkalin wasa don maye gurbin ɗan wasa wanda ya sha wahala daga jijiyar kwakwalwa yayin wasan.
  • Babu maye gurbin yin bugun jini / bowling: [1] Idan dan wasan ya ji rauni kuma ba zai iya gudu ba, ba a yarda da mai gudu a wasan kwallon kafa na duniya (sai dai a wasu wasannin gida).

Kwallon kwando

Za a iyakance maye gurbin wasan kwallon raga ta kowane saiti:

  • Ƙarfin: (FLT: 1) Sau shida a kowane saiti don kowane rukuni (dokokin FIVB). Mai kunnawa wanda ya fara saitin zai iya barin kuma ya sake shiga sau ɗaya a kowane saiti, muddin sun ci gaba da matsayinsu na asali a cikin saitin.
  • Libero: The libero (masanin karewa) na iya maye gurbin kowane dan wasan baya ba tare da lissafin zuwa iyakar maye gurbin ba, muddin maye gurbin ya faru tsakanin tarurruka.
  • Sauyawa da rauni: Idan ƙungiyar ba ta da sauran maye gurbin kuma ɗan wasan da ya ji rauni ba zai iya ci gaba ba, ƙungiyar na iya amfani da maye gurbin na musamman tare da amincewar alkalin, amma ɗan wasan da ya ji rauni ba zai iya komawa wannan saiti ba.

Amfani da Abubuwan Da Aka Canja a Hanyar Da Aka Yi

Koci suna amfani da dokokin maye gurbin don su sami nasara a gasar.

Gudanar da Gajiya ta 'Yan Wasa

A wasanni tare da iyakance sub (kwallon ƙafa, handball), kocin dole ne su yanke shawara lokacin da za su huta star gaji. A kwando, maye gurbin 'yan wasa a cikin gajeren fashewa (minti biyu zuwa uku sauyawa) yana riƙe da babban kuzari. A wasan hockey, sauya layi kowane dakika 45 yana kiyaye' yan wasan sabo. Lokaci mara kyau na maye gurbin na iya rage ƙarfin.

Gyara da Aka Yi a Hanyar Da Aka Yi

A wasan kwallon kafa, samun mai kunnawa mai hanzari a kan mai gajiya mai gaba zai iya cin nasarar wasan. A wasan baseball, bugun wani mai rauni a cikin wani muhimmin mataki na wasan motsa jiki wani mataki ne na gargajiya. A wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka, maye gurbin mai ba da gudummawa a cikin na uku a ƙasa shine babban dabarun tsaro.

Saurin Wasan

Wasu kocin suna amfani da wasu don su rage saurin da suke yi sa'ad da suke yin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ko kuma wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.

Gudanar da Laifi da Katunan

A wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ana sauya 'yan wasan da suka yi laifi biyar don kada su yi laifi. A wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ana iya maye gurbin 'yan wasan da suke da katin rawaya don kada a tura su. A wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ana iya maye gurbin wani mai ba da tallafi da ke fama da rashin ƙarfi don ya hana a yi musu horo a kai a kai.

Abubuwan Musamman da Kuma Musamman

Fiye da ƙa'idodin maye gurbin da aka saba yi, wasanni suna biyan bukata ta musamman.

Sauyawa na jijiya

Ƙari ga haka, kungiyoyin kwallon kafa suna ba da izinin maye gurbin 'yan wasa na ƙarin, ko na wucin gadi, ga' yan wasan da ake zargi da samun jijiya. A wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, jijiya na sub na dindindin ne amma ba a lissafa su zuwa adadin al'ada. A wasan rugby, ana cire ɗan wasan da ke da jijiya kuma ana iya maye gurbinsa da mai ba da shawara. A wasan cricket, maye gurbin jijiya shine maye gurbin kai tsaye.

Dokokin Jini

Rugby da hockey na buƙatar mai kunnawa mai zubar da jini ya bar filin don magani. Mai maye gurbin ɗan lokaci (bashin jini) na iya ɗaukar filin har sai mai kunnawa ya dawo ko kuma ya maye gurbinsa har abada. A cikin kwando, dole ne mai kunnawa ya bar kuma a tsabtace shi; ƙungiyar za ta iya maye gurbin ɗan lokaci ko har abada.

Sauyawa da Hukunci

A wasan kwallon hannu, wani dan wasan da aka dakatar da shi na minti biyu, an maye gurbinsa da wani mai maye gurbin bayan dakatarwar, amma ƙungiyar tana takaice. A wasan hockey na kankara, ana iya maye gurbin wani dan wasan da ke yin hukunci a kan kisa, amma idan ɗan wasan ya dawo da wuri, ana ƙara azabtar da ƙungiyar.

Matsayin mai tsaron gida / Libero / Matsayin ƙwararru

A wasanni da yawa akwai dokoki na musamman ga wasu matsayi. A wasan hockey na filin, mai tsaron gida dole ne ya sa tufafi daban-daban kuma mai kunnawa na filin (mai sake kiɗa) zai iya maye gurbinsa a wasu gasa. A wasan volleyball, mai kyauta yana da daidaitattun maye gurbin da ba a iyakance ba amma ba zai iya kai hari sama da raga. A wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, maye gurbin mai tsaron gida yana ƙidaya zuwa ga dakatarwar da ƙungiyar ta yarda amma ba zuwa ga iyakar maye gurbin gaba ɗaya a wasu gasar kofin ba.

Fasaha da Maimakon

Kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a yau sun sauƙaƙa tsarin maye gurbin:

  • Allon maye gurbin lantarki: A kwallon kafa, jami'in na huɗu yana riƙe da allon da ke nuna lambobin 'yan wasan da ke musayar; wannan yanzu ya zama gama gari a gasar ƙwararru.
  • A cikin kwando da hockey, teburin mai zira kwallaye yana bin diddigin maye gurbin kuma yana sadarwa tare da alƙalai. A cikin lokuta na maye gurbin doka, nazarin bidiyo na iya gano ko mai kunnawa ya kasance a kan kan kankara / kotu ba bisa doka ba kafin burin.
  • Bayanan Raunin Raunin: Wasu wasannin yanzu suna buƙatar ƙungiyoyi su ba da rahoton raunin da ya shafi maye gurbin nan da nan, kuma ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na iya amfani da bidiyo don bincika ko ya kamata a cire ɗan wasa don raunin kai.

Tarihin Dokokin maye gurbin

Dokokin maye gurbin sun samo asali sosai:

  • A cikin karni na 19, wasanni da yawa ba su ba da izinin maye gurbin komai ba.
  • Canje-canje na farko: Kwallon kafa ya ba da izinin maye gurbinsa na farko a shekara ta 1965 (ƙananan kashi ɗaya a kowace wasa; daga baya ya karu). An sake yin maye gurbin kwando ba tare da iyaka ba a cikin 1900s.
  • A cikin shekarun 2020 an ga ƙimar ƙimar maye gurbin ƙwallon ƙafa daga 3 zuwa 5, wani ɓangare don rage haɗarin rauni yayin jadawalin haɗari.
  • Bayanan gaba: Abubuwan tattaunawa suna ci gaba game da ba da izinin maye gurbin wucin gadi a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa don jijiya, ko haɓaka 'yancin kwando don maye gurbin lokacin jefa kyauta don hanzarta wasa.

Ra'ayoyi Masu Rashin Gaskiya da Kuma Hukunci

Rashin fahimtar dokokin maye gurbin zai iya haifar da tarar kuɗi:

  • Yawancin 'yan wasa: [1] Laifi mafi yawa: ƙungiyar tana da' yan wasa 12 a filin wasa. A kwallon kafa, wannan na iya haifar da bugun jini na kai tsaye; a wasan hockey, ƙaramin hukunci; a kwallon kafa ta Amurka, hukuncin yards 5.
  • Samun shiga da fita ba bisa ka'ida ba: Shiga filin kafin mai kunnawa ya bar, ko shiga a wurin da bai dace ba, na iya samun katin rawaya a kwallon kafa ko kuma gargadi game da jinkirin wasa a kwando.
  • A cikin softball da baseball, maye gurbin da ba a bayar da rahoto ba zai iya haifar da cire maye gurbin kuma a sake saka ɗan wasan asali, ko a cikin hukunci idan ɗan wasan da ba bisa doka ba ya shiga wasa.
  • Wasu wasanni sun hana wani dan wasa komawa bayan an maye gurbinsa (kwallon ƙafa, kwando idan an fitar da shi). Sauran suna ba da damar sake shiga (kwallon ƙafa na wucin gadi, baseball a NCAA). Ku san littafin dokokin gasarku.

Ƙarshen

Dokokin maye gurbin wani nau'i ne mai mahimmanci na wasanni na ƙungiya wanda ke shafar yanke shawara na horo, jin daɗin 'yan wasa, da kuma gudana wasan. Daga tsayayyen iyakar biyar-ƙananan iyaka a kwallon kafa zuwa canje-canjen layin ruwa a wasan hockey, dokokin kowane wasa suna nuna saurinsa na musamman da falsafarsa. Jagorancin waɗannan ka'idodin ba kawai yana kiyaye' yan wasa da masu horarwa ba amma kuma yana zurfafa godiya ga wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau wanda ke faruwa a gefe. Yayin da wasanni ke ci gaba da fifita lafiyar 'yan wasa da nishaɗin magoya baya, babu shakka dokokin maye gurbin zasu ci gaba da haɓaka amma babban ka'idar shine: adalci, canje-canje masu tsari waɗanda ke girmama gasar. Ko kai ɗan wasa ne ko mai gogaggen magoya baya, fahimtar ƙa'idodin maye gurbin yana sa kowane wasa ya zama mai haske.

Ƙididdigar da aka yi amfani da ita: